glide 2: 1.- The Scientific thoughtWhat is the science?Science (from the Latin scientia. `Knowledge`') is a system of acquiringknowledge based on the scientific method as well as the organizedbody of knowledge gained through such investigate. Science as definedhere is sometimes termed pure science to differentiate it from appliedscience which is the application of scientific investigate to specific humanneeds. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines: • Natural sciences which chew over natural phenomena (including biological life) and • Social sciences which chew over human behaviour and societies. These groupings are empirical sciences which means the knowledgemust be based on observable phenomena and capable of being testedfor its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions. Mathematics which is sometimes classified within a third assort ofscience called formal science has both similarities and differences withthe natural and social sciences. It is similar to empirical sciences in that itinvolves an objective careful and systematic chew over of an area ofknowledge; it is different because of its method of verifying itsknowledge using a priori rather than empirical methods. Formal science,which also includes statistics and logic is vital to the empirical sciences. study advances in formal science undergo often led to major advances inthe physical and biological sciences. The formal sciences are essential inthe formation of hypotheses theories and laws both in discovering and 2
glide 3: describing how things work (natural sciences) and how populate evaluate andact (social sciences). The word science comes through the Old cut and is derived from theLatin word scientia for knowledge which in move comes from scio. 'Iknow'. The Indo-European root means to discern or to separate akin toSanskrit chyati he cuts off. Greek schizein to change integrity. Latin scindere to change integrity. From the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment science or scientia meantany systematic recorded knowledge. Science therefore had the samesort of very broad meaning that philosophy had at that measure. In otherlanguages including cut. Spanish. Portuguese and Italian the wordcorresponding to science also carries this meaning. From classical times until the advent of the modern era. \"philosophy\" wasroughly divided into natural philosophy and moral philosophy. In the1800s the term natural philosophy gradually gave way to the termnatural science. Natural science was gradually specialized to its currentdomain which typically includes the physical sciences and biologicalsciences. The social sciences inheriting portions of the realm of moralphilosophy are currently also included under the auspices of science tothe extent that these disciplines use empirical methods. As currentlyunderstood moral philosophy still retains the study of ethics regarded asa grow of philosophy. Today the primary meaning of \"science\" is generally limited to empiricalstudy involving use of the scientific method. The science as general and logistic concept is the methodicalinvestigation of the natural laws for the determination and thesystemizing of the causes of a phenomenon or certain fact. For Aristotle the science or episteme consists not so much in aseries of knowledge targets but in an intellectual virtue that is defined asa demonstrative apparel then we can conclude that this proper aptitude 3
glide 4: of the scientist has as instrument of formation precisely the syllogism,operation that demonstrates rigorously the proposed dissertations. And,finally with this one concludes that the Logic is the proper instrument ofthe scientist and of the philosopher. The biggest impulse that generates the science is the desire ofsystematical explanations and controllable for the empirical bear witness. The distinctive intention of the science is the discovery and theformulation in general terms of the conditions in which events of diverseclasses happen and the widespread propositions of such determinantconditions that answer as explanations of the corresponding events. The science is one of few realities that can gift the futuregenerations. The men of every historical period assimilated the scientificresults of the previous generations unrolling and extending some newaspects. Of the double element of the epoch the immutable thing andthe fixed thing still not verified and the established thing definitively onlythe measure thing is accumulative and progressive. Those elements that constitute a good move of the science andthat are the ephemeral and transitory part as certain hypotheses andtheories get lost in the time and hold when more certain historicalinterest. Every epoch prepares his theories as the level of evolution in whichhe is substituting the ancient ones that happen to be considered to belike beat and consequently anachronistic. What allowed the science to go at the current aim was anucleus of skills of practical order the empirical facts and the laws thatform the element of continuity and that has come being perfected andextended along the history with the evolution itself of the man. 4
Slide 5: The science in the models in those who are represented today isrelatively recent. Only in the modern age of the history he acquired thescientific character that shows today. But already from the beginning ofthe humanity the first rudimentary lines are as traces of knowledge ofskill and that then would be constituted in science. The scientific in strict comprehend revolution it registers in the XVI Th andXVII Th centuries with Copernicus. Bacon and his experimental method,Galileo Galilei. Descartes and others. It did not arise so by chance. Anyoccasional and empirical discovery of skills and knowledge regardingthe universe the nature and the men from the ancient Greeks,Egyptians and Babylonians the contribution to the creative spirit Greeksynthesized and extended by Aristotle the inventions done in the epochof the conquest alter the emergence of the scientific method andthe spirit of objectivity that it is going to remember to the science fromthe XVI Th century before indefinite form and now in a rigorous way. Years later already in the XVIII Th century the experimentalmethod is perfected and applied to the new areas of the knowledge. There develops the chew over of the chemistry of the biology knowledgearises more target of the structure and functions of the alive organisms. Inthe following century a general modification happens in the intellectualand industrial activities. There arises new information relative to theevolution to the atom the lighten the electricity the magnetism and tothe nuclear energy. Already in the XX Th century the science with methods targets andexact develops investigations in all the fronts of the physical and humanworld obtaining a evaluate of surprising precision not only in the handle ofthe lay travel of the communications cybernetic and thetransplants but also in the most diverse sectors of the social reality. 5
Slide 6: 1.2.- The empiricism and the modern scienceMuch is what owes to him the modern science to the Empiricism in whatit contains exclusively to the observation and to the experimentation. Theconstant develop of such inquiries the extension of the same ones to thealive beings the achievements of the theory evolutionist thedevelopment of the biochemistry the cybernetics the artificialintelligence the robotics the mechatronic undergo been gainingconstantly area.
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